ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ
  • ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืขืžืœืง
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื–ืžื ื™ื
  • ืคื•ืจื™ื
undefined
10 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 39 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืช ืืจืœื˜

ื“ - ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืขืžืœืง
ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืœืง. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ืขืžืœืง, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”, ื™ื–): "ื–ึธื›ื•ึนืจ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึฐื›ึถื ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื". ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ืฉืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ื™ื˜): "ืœึนื ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึธื—". ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืืช ื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ื™ื˜): "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื”ึธื ึดื™ื—ึท ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืšึธ ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืกึผึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึฐืšึธ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” ืœึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ, ืชึผึดืžึฐื—ึถื” ืึถืช ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ืžึดืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึธื™ึดื".
ืขืžืœืง ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขื™ื“ ื”' ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืจื“ืคื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ืจื“ืคื”, ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘, ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืช"ื˜ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉืคืงื“ื” ืืช ืขืžื ื•. ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืžืœืง.
ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืืชื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ, ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื ืขืžืœืง ื•ืชืงืฃ. ื•ืืช ืžื™? ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”. ืขืžืœืง ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืืช ืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ืืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืช. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื–, ื˜ื–): "ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึธื“ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืก ื™ึธ-ื”ึผ ืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ืœึทื”' ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ืžึดื“ึผึนืจ ื“ึผึนืจ". ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืื• ืฉืœื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ื›ื•ืœื•".
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื—ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืกื“ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•, ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืš. ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœืขืžืœืง, ืืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืชื•. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจืžื” ืœืœื ืคืฉืจื•ืช. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื” - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืขืžืœืง
ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืขืžืœืง ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืœืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชืŸ ืœืืจืฅ: ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืžืœืš, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืช ืืช ื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง, ื•ืื—"ื› ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›, ื‘).
ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืืจืฆื, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœื”ื ืžืœืš ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื”, ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื˜ื•, ื-ื’): "ืึนืชึดื™ ืฉืึธืœึทื— ื”' ืœึดืžึฐืฉืึธื—ึณืšึธ ืœึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐืขึทืชึผึธื” ืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืœึฐืงื•ึนืœ ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”'. ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธ-ืื•ึนืช: ืคึผึธืงึทื“ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฉื‚ึธื ืœื•ึน ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึนืชื•ึน ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื. ืขึทืชึผึธื” ืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึผึดื™ืชึธื” ืึถืช ืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึฒืจึทืžึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœื•ึน ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึทื—ึฐืžึนืœ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื”ึตืžึทืชึผึธื” ืžึตืึดื™ืฉื ืขึทื“ ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ืžึตืขึนืœึตืœ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื™ื•ึนื ึตืง ืžึดืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื’ึผึธืžึธืœ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ".
ืืš ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื”, ื•ื—ืžืœ ืขืœ ืื’ื’ ืžืœืš ืขืžืœืง ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”' ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื“ื•ื“. ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืจื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขืžืœืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืขืžืœืงื™ื ืคืฉื˜ ืขืœ ืฆืงืœื’, ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืœืงื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”', ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“. ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš, ื•ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื›ืœื•ืชื, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ื ืขืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืจื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ืžืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื—ื• (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื, ืœ). ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืœืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืชื. ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืชื”ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ืื’ื’, ื ืžืฉืš ื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืื’ื’, ื•ืžื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืื—"ื› ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื’ื™ ืฉืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื’, ื).
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืขืžืœืง ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืื ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืขืžืœืงื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจื“). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื ืื‘ื“ ื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง, ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžืœืงื™ ื•ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื“ืจื›ื, ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•. 1

ื• - ืคืจืฉืช ื–ื›ื•ืจ
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ื›ื—ื, ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืจืง ืื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืขืžืœืง, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื”. ื•ืชืงื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืขืžืœืง ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืจืขื•.
ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืคื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” - ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื”.
ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ, ื•ื”ืงื•ืจื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ'.
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ืื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืžื ื™. 2
ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืงืจื ื‘ื• ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ื‘ืœื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ. 3
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขืžืœืง. ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื™ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื‘ืื™ ืื• ื”ืงื•ืจื. 4

ื– - ื”ืื ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ'
ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืขืžืœืง, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืžื—ื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆื•ึผื•ึนืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื, ื’ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขืžืœืง (ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจื’). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืขืžืœืง. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื” ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื” (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื).
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžื™ืขืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ืื•ืœื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืชืฉืžืขื ื” ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืชืงืจื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ'. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉืชืฉืžืขื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืจ. 5
ื— - ื”ืื ืขืžืœืงื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ
ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืืช ื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง, ืื ืขืžืœืงื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ืคืงืข ืžืžื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžืœืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•. ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—: ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”' (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืงืœืœื”), ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืคื˜ื• ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•.
ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืก. ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ื, ื•ืื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื•, ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ื ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืชื. ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ืจืฆื• ืื—"ื› ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” - ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืชื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•, ื-ื“, ื›ืก"ืž ืฉื).
ื•ืื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืžืœืงื™ ื•ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ืงื‘ืœื•ื”ื•. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืžืœืงื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ (ื”ืœ' ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ื‘, ื™ื–). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืจืข ืขืžืœืง, ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื–, ื‘; ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื•, ื‘), ื”ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื’ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืžืขืžืœืง. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื (ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื—), ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืกื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื•, ืฉืื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืžืœืงื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ, ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืืจืข ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืจืข ืขืžืœืง, ื•ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื•ื”ื•. ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืขืžืœืงื™ ืžืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข ืื ืก ืืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืื• ืื•ืชื ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง (ืจืกื™ืกื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืœื—, ื”). 6




^ 1.. ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื‘, ืžื‘, ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื–, ื˜ื–, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจ"ื“, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืจื•ื’.
ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืื—"ื› ืขืžืœืงื™ื, ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ืืจ ืžื”ื’ืž' ื‘ื‘"ื‘ ื›ื, ื, ืฉื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืจื’ ืจืง ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื, ื™ื, ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืžืœืง ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ืจืขื•. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื˜ืขื”. ื•ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื‘, ืžื‘.
^ 2.. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ืคืœื• ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœื™ืฆื”, ืฉื”ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืขื›ื‘ืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’, ื”), ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ื ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื– ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื—, ื, ื•ืœืžื“ ื–ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ืืœื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ืืฆืœื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช.
^ 3.. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื—, ื), ืฉื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ืขืžืœืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืคื”. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืก"ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืงื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืื• ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ (ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉืช ื, ื›ื‘, ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืขืžืœืง). ืื•ืœื ืœืชื•ืก' ื•ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื, ืœืจื"ืฉ ื•ืœืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืก"ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงืžื•, ื’. (ืข' ืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคืจื ืง, ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”', ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘, ื•). ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืก"ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืื• ืœืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช (ืž"ื‘ ืงืœื”, ืžื•, ื•ืข' ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื).
ื•ืื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืงืจืื• ื‘ื• 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืคืกื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืก"ืช ืื—ืจ (ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื—, ื“). ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื ืก"ืช, ื•ื™"ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืก"ืช ืืœื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืก"ืช ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' - ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืงืจื•ื (ืข' ืคืž"ื’ ืžืฉื‘"ื– ืงืžื’, ื, ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืข' ืœื•).
ื‘ืชื”"ื“ ืงื—, ืœืžื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืก"ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื”, ืžื”ืจ"ื ืฉื™ืง). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืชื• ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื•ื‘ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืจืคื”, ื”, ืชืžื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ืขืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘, ื˜). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืก"ืช, ื™ืงืจื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืก"ืช (ืข' ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื ื“, ื›ื”"ื— ืชืจืคื”, ืœื”). โ†
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืž"ื, ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื - 'ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืžืœืง'. ื•ื”ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืคื”, ื˜ื–, ืคืงืคืง ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื” ืจืง ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขืžืœืง ื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื•ื›ืจื• ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืชื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ืœืคืจืฉืช 'ื›ื™ ืชืฆื' ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืฉื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคืจื ืง ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•). ืื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืฉื›ื—ื”, ื ืœืขื "ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื–ื“ืจื– ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืก"ืช ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื™ื”ื“ืจ ืื—"ื› ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉืช 'ื›ื™ ืชืฆื'.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœ'ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื”' ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืชื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืžื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืœืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืžื—ื”, ืชืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื•ื›ืจื•, ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” (ื•ืข' ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขืžืœืง ื”ืขืจื•ืช 33-34).
^ 4.. ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืก, ื“, ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืงืจื™ืืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืขืžืœืง, ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœื•ืžื”, ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœืฉื ืžื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืคืจืฉืช 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ', ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” - ืœื ื™ืฆื (ื—"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืก, ื™). ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืื ืฉืžืข ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืขืžืœืง - ื™ืฆื (ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื—, ื).
^ 5.. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืขืžืœืง (ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจื’). ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื“ ืœื–, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื“ืขื” ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื 'ื–ื›ื•ืจ' ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื”, ืืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืžื™ืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื’ื ืœืื‘ื "ื– ืื•"ื— ืชืงื˜, ื•ืžืจื—ืฉืช ื, ื›ื‘, ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš), ื•ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืคื™ืจืฉ (ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื–, ื“) ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘, ื—, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืชืฆืžื— ืชื•ืขืœืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืœ ืฉื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ืกื™ืกืจื, ืืกืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™. ื•ืข' ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื˜, ื”-ื•, ื•ื”ืขืจื” ื—, ื•ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—, ื ื“.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชืฉืžืขื ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื ืœื - ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืœื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื ืœื - ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืก"ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื–, ื ื’, ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื˜, ื—. ืื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืก"ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜, ืกื—, ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘, ื™ื’.
^ 6.. ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืจ ืžืขืžืœืง, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื—, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื“ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืž' ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื›ื“ืขืชื•. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืขื™ืจ ืื•ื–ืŸ (ืžืข' ื’' ืื•ืช ื'). ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื ื–, ื”, ืคื™ืจืฉ, ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืžืขืžืœืง ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื•ืœืื‘ื "ื– ืื•"ื— ืชืงื—, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืžืœืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืžืขืžืœืง, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื. ื™"ื ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืื‘, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืช (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืขื ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉ"ืก ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื’, ืกื•"ืก ืจืขื‘). ื•ื™"ื ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื˜ืขื• ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืงื‘ืœืชื ืงื‘ืœื” (ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœื›ื• ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•). ื•ื™"ื ืฉืจืง ืื ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืจืข ืขืžืœืง - ื’ื™ื•ืจื• ืชืงืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ืจืข ืขืžืœืง - ื’ื™ื•ืจื• ื‘ื˜ืœ (ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื). ื•ื™"ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืืฆืื™ ืขืžืœืง ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ืจืข ืขืžืœืง ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืžืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข, ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื’ื™ื•ืจ (ืจ"ื— ืคืœืื’'ื™ ื‘'ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื™' ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื). ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืขืžืœืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืžืžื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžืœืง ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ (ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ืคืชื— ืขื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื). ื•ืœืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื‘, ืžื‘, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืจ ืขืžืœืง ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื’, ืขื, ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื-ื˜ื•.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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