ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”
  • ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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18 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื•ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืžื ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืจื•ื—, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.

ืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ-ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ-ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืœึฐืœึดื™ื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื”ื•ึผืชื•ึน, ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึทืœึผึฐื˜ึดื™ื ื”ึตื ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืœึนื-ืชึผึธื›ึฐื ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™, ืฉืึถื”ึตื ื”ึดื ึผึธื ื”ึธืื•ึนืฆึธืจื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจึธื” ื”ึทืœึผึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ึผึดื™ื. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืกึผึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนื ึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึฐืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ, ื•ึฐืงึทื•ึผึตื™ื”ึถื ื”ึธืจึดืฉืึฐืžึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื ึดื’ึฐืžึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึธืึธืžึผึธื ื•ึผืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึทื”ึดื™ืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืจึฐื™ึธื”, ืึธื– ืึธื ื•ึผ ืžื•ึนืฆึฐืึดื™ื ืึถืช ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ื”ึธืึดื™ื“ึตื™ืื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืกื•ึนื“ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ื”ึทื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื—ื•ึนื–ึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืกึดื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธืชึดื™ึผึดื™ื, ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึดื™ื: ื”ึธืึดื™ื“ึตืึธื” ื”ึทืœึผึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืึดื™ื“ึตืึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ืช; ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืจ ืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทืกึผึทื“ึฐืจึธื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนื ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™. ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืœึฐื“ึทื™ึผึตืง ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทื’ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืœ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื—ื•ึผืžึดื™ื, ืขึทืœ-ืคึผึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตืจ ืจึฐื’ึดื™ืœึธื” ื‘ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืชึธื ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืจึธื›ึธื” ืžึทืงึฐื‘ึผึถืœึถืช, ื ึนืืžึทืจ: ื”ึธืจึถื’ึถืฉื ื”ึทืœึผึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ืช, ืฉืึถืœึผึดืคึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึทื—ึฒืœึดื™ืคึทืช-ื”ึทืžึผึทืฆึผึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ึธืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจึดื™ืช, ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธืึตื ื’ึผึทื ืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” - ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืจ ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ืœึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ืช ื•ึฐืจึถื’ึถืฉื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™. ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืœื•ึนืช-ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืจึธื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ื”ึทื“ึผึฐืจื•ึผืฉืื•ึนืช ืœึทื—ึฒืœึดื™ืคึทืช-ื”ึทืžึผึทืฆึผึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช, ื”ึดื ึผึธืŸ ื’ึผึทื ื”ึตืŸ ืกึดื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื ึฐื›ื•ึนื ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืœึดืคึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื ื’ึผึทื ืชึผื•ึนืœึธื“ื•ึนืช ื ึถืึฑืžึธื ื•ึนืช ืœึฐื–ึดืจึฐืžึตื™-ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึทื‘ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืฆึดื™ืื•ึผืช ื•ึผื‘ึดืคึฐืขึปืœึผึธื”, ืฉืึถืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืชึธื ื ึดื›ึผึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดื—ื•ึผื“ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืœึถืœึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืคึผึธืขึธืชึธื ื”ื•ึนืœึถื›ึถืช ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืคึทืขึทืช ืขึทื“ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืžึทืงึผึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึผึธื—ึดื™ื“ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตืจ ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ึผึดื™ื.


ืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ-ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ-ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืœึฐืœึดื™ื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื”ื•ึผืชื•ึน,

ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืชืžืฆื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ืœืื—ืช ืงื•ืจื ื”ืจื‘ - 'ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื', ื•ืœืื—ืจืช - 'ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”'. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชื•ื“ืขืชื•. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื”. ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช: ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ, ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื.

ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึทืœึผึฐื˜ึดื™ื ื”ึตื ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืœึนื-ืชึผึธื›ึฐื ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™,
ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“. 1
ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ืžืฆื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ - ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ - ืฉืœื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
'ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”' ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœื”ืงืžืชื” ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืืจื’ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืกืš ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ืš ื”ืจื•ื— ืื• ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื ืกืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืขื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืืš ื’ื ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”.
ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ'. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื•ืคืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืงื”ืœืช 2 , ืืš ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืข ืื• ืฉืœ ืจืขึดื™ื” - ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืืจืžื™ืช, ื›ืžื• 'ืจึทืขึฒื•ึธื ื“ึฐืจึทืขึฒื•ึดื™ืŸ' 3 ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืฉืื™ืคื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืคื”, ื•ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉืžืชืคืจืฉืช ื•ืžืชื ืกื—ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืืจืžื™ืช - ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ 'ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ' ื›ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœ'ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”'. ืืš ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื ื’ืœื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื–ื•, ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื—: ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื ืกื—ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ืจืฆื•ืŸ' ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื• 'ืจื™ืฆื”'. ื›ืš ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื—ืช - 'ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ'.

ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ืืœื ืœืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืœืื•ืคื™ ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™-ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ - ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ื— ืžืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช, ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ.
ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜: ืื ื' ื”ื•ืคืš ืœ-ื‘' ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉ-ื‘' ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืž-ื', ืื• ื' ื—ืœืง ืž-ื‘'. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื-ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืฆื ื‘ืจื™ืืชื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ืœื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ืจืง ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื™. ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜. ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื ืจืง ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืžื•ืชื™-ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืืœื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.

ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึทืœึผึฐื˜ึดื™ื ื”ึตื - ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืœึนื-ืชึผึธื›ึฐื ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™,

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช.

ืฉืึถื”ึตื - ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ - ื”ึดื ึผึธื ื”ึธืื•ึนืฆึธืจื•ึนืช - ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืฉืงืชื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืชื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœ'ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื'. ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืžื—ืกืŸ, ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื,


ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจึธื” ื”ึทืœึผึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ึผึดื™ื.
ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื‘ืื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืฆื•ืจื”' ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช - ืื™ื“ื™ืื”, ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ - 'ืคื•ึนืจึฐืžึทื”'. ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช - ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืง ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืจืง ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช-ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืช, ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื”. ื•ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืœืคื•ืจืžื”.

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช: ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืืžื•ื ื™ืช.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืคืชื—: ืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฆึผื•ึผืจึธื” . ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” - ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช - ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช.

ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื˜ื‘ืขื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื•.
ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•: ืžื”ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ื“ืžื ืช - ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืชื—ืช ื’ื’ ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ - ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื’ื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืคืจื ืกื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ื’ื’. ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื.
ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืฉืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื”. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืื—ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื - ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ - ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืื—ื“ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืงืฉืจื™ ื“ื, ืงืฉืจื™ ืฉืคื”, ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืชื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ื”ืžืœืื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”.

ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘. 'ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืืคื™ื™ื ืก' - ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ - ื–ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ืžื•ืฉืื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•. ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ืš ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื.

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™
ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”? ืžืžื” ืืชืคืจื ืก? ืื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืจืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื - ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืจืš, ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข ืื• ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง.
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื”ืืœื™ืœ, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืœืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜. ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช, ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช - ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช - ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื”.

ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช
ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืชื™, ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ืจืชื” ื•ืœื™ื“ืชื”.

ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื”. ืืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืืŸ, ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืžืช. ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืžืช, ื•ืžื”ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• - ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื“, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ืžื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉืœื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช?
ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื - 'ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช'. ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ? ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืžืช ื•ื›ืžืžืฉื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืฉืงืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” - ื”ืื ื”ื–ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื˜ืจืคื” ื”ื™ื ืืžืช ืื• ืœื ืืžืช. ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ ื ืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื”. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื’ื ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•: ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื•? ืžื”ื™ ื”ืืžืช ืฉื‘ื”ื? ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช-ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช, ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืกืชืชืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ. ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื, ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง, ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”: ื‘ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ? ืœึฐืžื”? ืขื“ ื›ืžื”? ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื?
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ - ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจืง ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช (ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื“ืช - ืืžื•ื ื”). ื’ื ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช.

ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื“ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชืื’ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.

ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืื“ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื›ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.

ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ืขืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื: ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืชื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืชื”.

ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”

ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•: ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืง, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ืื• ืžื ื™ืขืช ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขืจื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื• ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™.

ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื™ืกืœื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืžื–ื• ื”ืื™ืจื™ืช. ื•ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืœืžืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืกืœืื‘ื™ืช - ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื•ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช. ืขื ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืงืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื. ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”. ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืœืื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืœืงื•ืœื• ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช 'ืื•ืžื”', ื–ื• ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.

ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืกึผึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนื ึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึฐืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ, - ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื”, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช.

ื•ึฐืงึทื•ึผึตื™ื”ึถื
ืœื›ืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืงื•: ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื - 'ืงื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•'. ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ืงื• ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™. ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืจืฆืฃ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•.

ื”ึธืจึดืฉืึฐืžึดื™ึผึดื™ื
ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช (officialdom), ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื–ื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืœืจืฉื•ื', ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืฆืจืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ. ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื• ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื.
ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื™ 'ืจืฉื™ืžื•'. ื™ืฉ ืงื• ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•: ื”ืงื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ. ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืกื” ื•ืžืชืขื‘ื” - ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืื•ืœื ืื–, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•, ื”ืจื•ืฉื. ื›ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžืช, ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” - ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืชื, ื”ืจื•ืฉื. ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจื•ืฉื - ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•, ืžื‘ืจืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช.

ื ึดื’ึฐืžึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึธืึธืžึผึธื ื•ึผืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึทื”ึดื™ืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืจึฐื™ึธื”,
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฆื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ืžืฆื‘ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื - ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช. ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื“, ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ. ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื•ึนืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื”. ื”ืจื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื ื™ื— ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ื“ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืจ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืื“, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื•ืชื• ืจืื” ื”ืืžืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช 'ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืฉื•ื'. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘: 'ื”ื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ื”', ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ื”ืกืชืจ-ื™ื”, ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื-ืœื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื•". ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ื ืฉื, ืืœืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืกืชืจ. " ืึตื™ืŸ ืฆื•ึผืจ ื›ึผึตื-ืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ - ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื›ื-ืœื”ื™ื ื•" 4 , ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื—ื•ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืึตื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช.

ืึธื– ืึธื ื•ึผ ืžื•ึนืฆึฐืึดื™ื ืึถืช ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ื”ึธืึดื™ื“ึตื™ืื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืกื•ึนื“ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช,
ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช.

ื”ึทื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื—ื•ึนื–ึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืกึดื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธืชึดื™ึผึดื™ื, ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึดื™ื:
ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”:

ื”ึธืึดื™ื“ึตืึธื” ื”ึทืœึผึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืึดื™ื“ึตืึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ืช;
ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืจ ืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทืกึผึทื“ึฐืจึธื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื”
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืง, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืขืชื” ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืจื‘, ืฉื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื”. ื™ืฉ ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืžื” 5 . ืื•ืžื” ื–ื• ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ืคื™, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื’ื‘ืฉ, ืœืชืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. 6

ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนื ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืกึดื’ึฐื ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™.
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื“ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื“ื. ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข, ืœืชืช ืขืจืš? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืขืคืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ื ืฉืžื”, ืฆืœื ื-ืœื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื - ื•ื–ื• ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ืช. ืœื ื™ืคืœื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉืคืกื’ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื-ืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื-ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืืจ 'ื-ืœื”ึดื™' ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ืœืชืืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื ืคืœื. ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ื“ืขืช, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื”: ืžืฆื“ ืื™ืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืชืชื ืื• ืžืฆื“ ืื™ืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืขื™ืœื. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื” ืื• ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืข ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื•ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืืฃ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื“ืข ืžื”ื• ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.

ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืœึฐื“ึทื™ึผึตืง ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทื’ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืœ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื—ื•ึผืžึดื™ื, ืขึทืœ-ืคึผึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตืจ ืจึฐื’ึดื™ืœึธื” ื‘ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืชึธื ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืจึธื›ึธื” ืžึทืงึฐื‘ึผึถืœึถืช, ื ึนืืžึทืจ: ื”ึธืจึถื’ึถืฉื ื”ึทืœึผึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ืช,
ืื ื ื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืžืขืจื›ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื“ื, ืงืจื‘ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืงืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช - ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื“ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื” 'ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื–ื': 'pater' ื–ื” 'ืื‘ื' ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Father). ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื 'ืžื•ืœื“ืช' ืื• 'ืืจืฅ ืื‘ื•ืช' ืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ืช - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” - ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช - ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื-ืœื”ื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ืขื”, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืจืง ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื• ืขืœ ื-ืœื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืืœื™ื•: ื“ืช, ืžื•ืกืจ, ืงืจื‘ื” ืื• ืจื™ื—ื•ืง. ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฉืึถืœึผึดืคึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึทื—ึฒืœึดื™ืคึทืช-ื”ึทืžึผึทืฆึผึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ึธืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจึดื™ืช, ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธืึตื ื’ึผึทื ืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” -
ื›ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช -

ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืจ ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ืœึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ืช
ื›ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืคื”, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”? ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืง ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื”, ืืœื ืฉื›ืš ืื ื™ ืขื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื ืฉืืœ ืื“ื: ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื—ืชืš? ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ืœืื“ื ื–ื” 'ืื‘ื'? ืื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืชื”ื™ื”: ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ื”, ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ืโ€ฆ ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกื”, ื›ืชื‘ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ 7 ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื›ื›ื”". ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืืœืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื›ืกื™ืกื˜ ืื—ื“: ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืืžื™ื“, ื•ืชื™ืงื— ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื“ื ืืžื™ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช? ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”: ื›ื›ื”! ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื’ื–ืœืŸ. ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™: ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืžื ื•? ื›ื›ื”. ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืชื ื•? ื”ืื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื•ื™ืคื”? ืœื. ื’ื ืื ืฉืคืชื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืคื” ื“ืœื” ื•ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ื—ืจื™ืงืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืคืชื ื•, ื‘ื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื•ืชื” ื ืื”ื‘. ื‘ืœื™ ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื. ื›ื›ื”. ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื. ืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืื™ืชื ื” ื’ื ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื•.

ื•ึฐืจึถื’ึถืฉื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™.
ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช: ื›ืžื™ื”ื”, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืื”ื‘, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืคื—ื“ ื•ืจืชื™ืขื” - ื›ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ืช.
ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืกืก ืื•ืชื ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืจื›ื™ืช. ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ื•ืช, ืฉืืžื ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืืš ืœื‘ืกืก ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืžื” ื”ื˜ืคืœ.
ื›ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื-ืœื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื•ืคื—ื“ - ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
ื‘ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื” ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ืœืฉืืœื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ื“ืชื™? ื ื™ืชื ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื›ื” ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ. ืื ืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื ืœื•, ืืฃ ืื ืงืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—. ืœืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื›ื ืกื• ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื ืจื“ืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช - ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืชื•ืช - ืืœื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ืžืกืš ื”ืขืฉืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืงืœื˜ืŸ ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”.
ืจื’ืฉ ื“ืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฉืงืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืง ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืกืคืง, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื•. ืื•ืœื ื”ื“ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื” - ื›ื“ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื”, ืคืขื ืื“ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืคืขื ืœื.
ืืžื ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื”, ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืจืง ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.

ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืจืง ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื™ืกืงื” ื ืจืื”, ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื›ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืืœื”ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื, ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืคืจืง ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช.

ื’ื ืืžื•ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืช. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืขื” ื-ืœื”ื™ืช, ืื• ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื-ืœื”ื™ืช - ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืืžื ื ื“ืขื” ื-ืœื”ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž'ื“ืขื”' ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ืžืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืขื”, ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืืžื ื, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื“ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™. ื“ืขื” - ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืฉื• ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ืฉื’ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื“ื? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื•, ืืช ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•? ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง.
ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืžืขื•ืงืจ, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™, ืืœื ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ืœืงืจื‘ื”, ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืขื”, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”. ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•, ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ึนืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื” - " ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึปืœึผึฐื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื " 8 .

ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”, ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš:
ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืœื•ึนืช-ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืจึธื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ื”ึทื“ึผึฐืจื•ึผืฉืื•ึนืช ืœึทื—ึฒืœึดื™ืคึทืช-ื”ึทืžึผึทืฆึผึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช, -
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš. ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ื”ึดื ึผึธืŸ ื’ึผึทื ื”ึตืŸ ืกึดื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื ึฐื›ื•ึนื ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืœึดืคึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื ื’ึผึทื ืชึผื•ึนืœึธื“ื•ึนืช ื ึถืึฑืžึธื ื•ึนืช - ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืคื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืœื“ื”,

ืœึฐื–ึดืจึฐืžึตื™-ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึทื‘ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื,
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช - ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืืช: ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืืกื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื–ื”ื• ื–ืจื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืขื“ ืฉืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืœื“ื”, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืื™ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืกื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื–ืจื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื– ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืชื•ืœื“ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” -
ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืฆึดื™ืื•ึผืช ื•ึผื‘ึดืคึฐืขึปืœึผึธื”, ืฉืึถืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืชึธื ื ึดื›ึผึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดื—ื•ึผื“ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืœึถืœึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืคึผึธืขึธืชึธื ื”ื•ึนืœึถื›ึถืช ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืคึทืขึทืช ืขึทื“ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืžึทืงึผึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึผึธื—ึดื™ื“ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตืจ ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ึผึดื™ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“.
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืืœ ื”ืคืจื˜. ืืžื ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ืขืช. ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื•ืžื” ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื ืขืจืฆื™ื ืื• ืฉื ื•ืื™ื.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•, ื ืคื ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช, ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™-ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ื•ืŸ. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื”ื—ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช: ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื-ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืฉืง ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื-ืœื•ื”ื™ืช - ื”ื“ืช - ื ืชื›ืจืกืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื’ืฉ
ื-ืœื•ื”ื™ - ื›ืžื™ื”ื”, ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืืงืกื˜ื–ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•'. ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ื— ืื•ืžืฅ-ืœื‘ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช-ื ืคืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•, ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.


^ 1. ืขืœ ืฉืืœืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ืœื“ืขืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืœื”ืงืชื™.
^ 2. ืงื”ืœืช ื, ื™ื–: "ื•ึธืึถืชึผึฐื ึธื” ืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ืœึธื“ึทืขึทืช ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐื“ึทืขึทืช ื”ึนืœึตืœื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดื›ึฐืœื•ึผืช, ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืฉืึถื’ึผึทื ื–ึถื” ื”ื•ึผื ืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ืจื•ึผื—ึท".
^ 3. ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื™ืชืจื•, ืคื— ืข"ื‘, ืชืกื’. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื: "ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช".
^ 4. ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ืข"ื.
^ 5. ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—, ื›ื”: "ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืจื ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืฉื ื›ื— ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื•ืžื–ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืช. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“, ื™ื˜): ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ึธืœึทืง ื”' ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืึนืชึธื ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ื”ึธืขึทืžึผึดื™ื, ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืœื›ื•ืœื ืžื–ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืœืื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื™, ื™ื’): ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืจ ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืคึผึธืจึทืก ืขึนืžึตื“ ืœึฐื ึถื’ึฐื“ึผึดื™, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื›): ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืฉื‚ึทืจ ื™ึธื•ึธืŸ ื‘ึผึธื, ื•ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื’): ื•ึทืึฒื ึดื™ ื ื•ึนืชึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืฉืึธื ืึตืฆึถืœ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ ืคึธืจึธืก".
ืฉื”"ืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื—, ื™ื˜: "ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื"ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘"ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœื™ ืขื“ ืฉืืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืจื™ื”ื ืฉื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืืฆืœื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื”"ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื... ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืคื•ืจืข ืžืื•ืžื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืœ ืฉืจื™ื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”".
^ 6. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืกืžืœื™ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืง ืœื). ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืื•ืžื”, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืื•ืžื” ื ืคืจื“ืช.
^ 7. ื–ืื‘ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื”'ืชืจ"ืž-ื”'ืช"ืฉ (1940-1880). ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ื“ืขื•ืช. ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ. ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืจืฉ ืžื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ืฉืจืื” ื›ื•ื•ืชืจื ื™ืช. ืขืจืš ืืช 'ื“ึนืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื', ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช, ื•ืชืจื’ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืจื•ืกื™ืช.
^ 8. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“, ื“.

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
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