ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื
  • ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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11 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 59 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ืœืื” ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช

"ืื™ื ื ื™ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจืชืงืช ืฉืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ื”". ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื ื• ืœืจืื™ื™ื ื•. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื• ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ื”ื“ืจื•ื" ื‘ืžืฉืš 25 ืฉื ื”, 4 ืกืคืจื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ืขื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉ"ืข, ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืจื‘.

ื™ืœื“ื•ืช
ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื— (1928) ืœืื™ืชืžืจ ื•ืฉืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ืœืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•, ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœืงื ื“ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื›ืคืจ ืกื ื˜ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืคืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืื“ืžืช ื”ืžืงื•ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืชืคืจืก ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื ืืœืฅ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ื—ื•ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืืžื ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ, ืžืชืืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืืš ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื’ ื ืขืจื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ืžืช ืื“ื, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ.

ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืจื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืœื˜ื• ืžืื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืจื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื—ื–ืŸ, ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืชืžื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืขืช" ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื“ืœ ื–ืงืก ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ื ื—ื•ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืขืžื” ื ืงืฉืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืคื ื—ืก ื”ื™ืจืฉืคื•ื ื’ ืฉื ืชืžื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ืืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื• ืžืชืืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื•", ื‘ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉืืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืขื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื•.

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”
ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?

ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื”, ืืคืชื— ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคื•ื ื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ ื•ืœื• ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืืฃ ืžื™ื•ื“ืขื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”, ื ืกืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื• ื•ืฉื ื ืชืขืœื” ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ืืš ืืฉืชื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืคืช ืœื—ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืช ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื”.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืงืจื ืœืื‘ืจืš ื•ืฉืืœื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืคืจื ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช? ื”ืชืคืœื ื”ืื‘ืจืš, ื•ืชืžื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ืืฉืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืคืจื ืกื”, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืคืจื ืกื” ื”ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืžืœื•ื” ืžืœื›ื” ืคืจื•ืกืช ื—ืœื” ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืขืœื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช...

ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“. ืืฃ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ื™ืชืคืจื ืกื•, ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื•, ืืš ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืคืจื ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•.

ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืฉืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ืคืจื ืกืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคืœื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืžืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉืชืžืจ ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืชืืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืžืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื ืื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•!

ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืคืจื ืกืชื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉื”, ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆื ืงืจื— ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ. ืขื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื ืกื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื’ื ืคืจื ืกื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื.

ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื ืจืง ื ืื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืœื ื’ื ื ืื” ืžืงื™ื™ื. ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื.

ื”ืื ื”ืจื‘ ืœื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”?
ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืชื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืš ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•, ื•ืžืชืื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžื›ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื.

ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืžื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื’ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, "ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืื“ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื• ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจืื” ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืขืจืš ื•ืœื ืงืฅ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืžืฉื‘ื— ื•ืžืคืืจ ื•ืžืชืื•ื•ื” ืชืื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, 'ืฆืžืื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืืœื”ื™ื ืœืืœ ื—ื™'".

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื’ื ืื ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข.

ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ?
ื›ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืคืชื— ืœื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืืœื•. ื”ืคืชื— ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืœื‘ื•. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื–ื• ื ื™ืชื ืช ืžื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื "ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ", ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉืœื‘ื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ืจ, ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจืชื™, ืื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืคื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื™, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืฆื—.

ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืคื ื—ืก ื”ื™ืจืฉืคื•ื ื’ ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื“ืขื™ื?
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคื•ื ื’ ืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืชืžืš ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•, ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื• ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคื•ื ื’ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืจื’ืฉืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืชื›ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื” ืื”ื‘. ืขื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคื•ื ื’, ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ืฉื›ื—? ื•ืœืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื“ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉื–ื›ืจ ืขืœ ืคื”. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืฉืชื“ื”ืžืชื• ืœื ื ืคืœื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืชืคืขืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ืจื‘ื ื•ืช
ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืŸ 20 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคื•ื ื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ื ืกืžืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืจื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื—ื–ืŸ.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื (1951) ื ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืืฉื” ืืช ยฌืจื—ืœ ืฉื›ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื ื›ื“ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžื ืชื” ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื" ืจ' ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ.

ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื‘ (1952) ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืŸ 24 ื ืชืžื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฆ'ืจืœืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ืจืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืชื” ืืช ืœื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืืš ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ: "ืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืืชื ื•, ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื"... ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.

ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื’ (1963) ืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉืฆืจืœืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืงื ื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื•. ืฉื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช 8 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื”ืจืฆื” ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื• ื•ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”"ื’ื•ืื™'ืฉ ืงื•ืœ'ื’" ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจ' ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ืกื™ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ 12 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื”.

ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ?

ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื ืขืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ืชื™", ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืืชื ื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื”ื›ืจื ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื•ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืจืงืข ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืฉืืคืชื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื”.

ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื•, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ื•ื–, ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืžื• ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื ื›ืš. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืžื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื• ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขื”. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืืœื ื™ ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื™, ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืขื– ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ ืื ืœื ืืžืฆื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžืจืฆื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ืื• ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.

ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื–ืืช ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชืคืœื ื•ื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•, ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืกื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื›ืืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฉื...

ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืœืคื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ืงื”.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœืืจืฅ, ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืชื• ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื™ืœืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืกื‘ืชื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื– ื™ืกื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืชื• ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื™ืœืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.

ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื”ื ืžื›ืชื‘, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจืชื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ืœืงืชื™ ืืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื’'ื•ืื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœื’ ืฉื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื’ (1983) ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืžืื– ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ื”ื“ืจ ืื™ืชืžืจ" ื”ื“ืจื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก, ืฉื•"ืช "ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”" ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”, "ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื", ื•"ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”", ืืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ "ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”" ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื.

ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื?
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื: ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืจื‘ ืืฉื™, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœื ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืคื•ืืจ, ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ.

ืขื“ ื›ื” ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื?

ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื’ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”.

ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืจื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ืฉื’ืจื ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื•ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื, ืฉืคื˜ืจื• ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื’ืžืจื.

ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœื“ื•ืจื• ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืคืกื™ืงืชื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืžืขื˜, ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ื•ื’ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ืชืงืฉื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ืฉื’ืจื ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”"ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื”". ืืš ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื’ืžืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื ืœืœื•ืžื“. ืืš ื™ืจื“ื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื• ืžืงื™ืคื” ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืงืจืŸ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ืจืง ื™ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื™ืฆื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืœืœื•ืžื“, ื•ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื—ื‘ืื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฉืจืฉื” ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืคืฉื˜ ื”ื’ืžืจื, ืืš ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืื—ืจืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•.

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื•ืžื“, ื•ืจืงืข ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”' ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื•ืœืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืกื“ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื›ื ืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืื™ื’ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื”ื, ืืš ืื™ื ื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืฉืกืคืจื ื™ื™ืžื›ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืคืฅ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคืฆืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืœื ื›ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืคืจื“. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ. ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื”ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืžื”ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืชืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจื™, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.

ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืฉื›ืœ
ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืขืจ ื—ื•ืจืชืช ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœื” ืืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™, ืื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ืื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื•?

ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืชืคืก ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืชืคืก ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื, ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื”ืชื "ืš, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฆืœื ื•, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืกืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืฉืื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื›ืš ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช. ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข?

ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืœืฉืงืจ, ืืš ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืืš ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ืฉืงืจ. ืื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื“ื ื™ืฉืงืจ ืื• ื™ืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืš, ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ืื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ืืš ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ืช ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืงืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืงืช.

ื›ืš ื’ื ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืื“ื. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืœืง, ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื“ืœืง, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืฉ, ืืš ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ืืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืจื” ืชื ื•ืฆืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืžื, ืœื”ืื™ืจ, ืœื ืกื•ืข, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื˜ื•ืก. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื’ืฉ ืžื ื™ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืื ืื“ื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืฉื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืชืœืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืฉ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืืš ืื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื’ื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ื—ืกืจ ืจื’ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ืื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืชืงื“ื.

ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืžื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืชื‘, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจืก ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืจ, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื ืฉืงืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช.

ื•ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืขืชื™ื“?
ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”', ื”ื•ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”" ืฉืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•. ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืงื‘"ื” ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il